Indonesia Geol9

  Indonesia suffers from coastal erosion, several of the nations islands are affected by this hazard. The island of Bali the major tourist destination is dwindling at a steady pace. The shoreline has receded from 668.64 kilometers to 662.59 kilometers between 2016 and 2021 setting a average rate of 3.97 feet lost per year. On the central island of Sulawesi, the erosion of the shoreline has claimed 44 acres of land and racked hundreds of millions of rupiah in damages over a 2 year period. The abrasion is so severe there that sea water made it's way into groundwater supplies contaminating the drinking water.  This has forced residents to find alternative solutions to obtain water, some use rain collectors, others purchase gallons which can be stenosis on the impoverished residents.    A percentage of these issues are caused by the removal of natural barriers such as mangrove trees and human interference. In Java 78% percent of the mangroves around the coast are gone, l...

In Indonesia climate change has enhanced extreme weather disasters and increased risk. Indonesia's global placement plays into it's weather issues, wind from different hemispheres meet in a Intertropical Convergence Zone prompting the gathering of moist air masses and frequent convective rainfall. With the rising temperatures, projected precipitation trends have changed across the country and extreme rainfall intensity increases in some areas. The amount of hydro-meteorological disasters have swelled, in 2016 alone 92% of the 2,342 disasters fell under that category. Between 1998 and 2018 80% of extreme weather and disasters derived from climate change including flooding, heavy wind and storms, landslides, and drought. In January of 2013 a multitude of floods affected the Indonesian capital and its surrounding regions, over 250,000 were affected, 47 people lost their lives, 100,000 residences and structures were destroyed, and loses reached over $1,000,000.  In 2015 an extreme ...

  Landslides are frequent in Indonesia, between 1990 and 2007 alone 1,215 landslides occurred in the country. Recently rainfall and earthquakes paired with environmentally harmful land use are attributed to an increase of landslides in the last decade. About 108.9 million people live in susceptible zones, about 194 million are exposed to the risk of landslides.  According to a landslide hazard map released by Indonesia's National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) the following regions are the most at risk: Western Sumatera Island  Bukit Barinas mountain belt  Southern and central Java Island  Bali  Nusa Tenggara Sulawesi Island Maluku West Papua New Guinea Areas most prone to landslides are fertile lands with groundwater. People build settlements there, such as farms and infrastructure putting them at risk. Other risk factors include population density, infrastructure quality, economic status, and regional capacity.    Mitigation:  Landslide ...

Indonesia is home to about 150 volcanoes, 130 of them are active. These volcanoes sit within the ring of fire and have "high eruptive potential" due to the seismic activity of plate boundaries, such as the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates.  The frequent earthquakes Indonesia experiences contribute to the elevated volcanic activity, not only that but the intensity of the earthquake can effect the viscosity of magma and the eruption type. Eruption patterns can be thrown off after earthquakes as well, eruptions may be speed up afterwards. In Indonesia a 6.3 magnitude earthquake in 2001 caused fumarole temperatures to rise in Mount Merapi. Mount Merapi is the most active volcano in the world, it is a pyroclastic stratovolcano that sits 2986 meters above sea level. In 2006 another earthquake resulted in the increase of magma extrusion and pyroclastic flow.  Mitigation:  In Indonesia 70% of the population is located within a volcanic zone, with some citizens living within 6 ...

Tsunami's are a hazard for Indonesia due to the frequent earthquakes. Indonesia was victim to one of the most devastating tsunamis to date.  On December 26, 2004 a 9.1 magnitude earthquake caused a tsunami which tore through costal cities of 15 countries within the region. Indonesia was the most affected country, the epicenter of the earthquake was near the province of Aceh which belongs to the island of Sumatra. Aceh bore the brunt of the damage, facing waves as high as 167ft devastating it's communities, the runup stretching 3 miles inland. The total of dead or missing people in Aceh reached 167,000. Indonesia has experienced serval tsunamis since then. As a result of the tsunami, in 2005 the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (IOTWMS) was established by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. The IOTWMS provides risk assessment and early warning capabilities, and awareness programs, with 27 tsunami warning centers to issue alerts after seis...

 Indonesia and it's neighboring countries in southeast Asia experience frequent earthquakes. The average for the region is about 320 earthquakes ≥ 5.0 magnitude and 3 earthquakes  ≤ 7.0 magnitude a year. Indonesia has taken several steps to prevent a earthquake related catastrophe such as implementing mandatory earthquake and tsunami preparedness drills in schools. Sirens have been installed in some provinces and their populations have be instructed on what to do if the sirens go off.  Pertaining to infrastructure, earthquake resistant building codes exist, but enforcement and compliance are inconsistent. In some areas locals sing lullaby's to children that tell them what to do during a possible tsunami:  "A village once sank,  That's how they tell the tale,  It began with an earthquake,  Followed by a massive wave,  The entire land submerged,  Suddenly just like that.  If the quake is strong  And the waters recede,  Quickly fi...